Sources
The lessons are our own words. Every claim cites its source with its PubMed id (PMID), and under each section a short quote from the source shows where the claim comes from; our build checks each quote against the source's text and refuses to publish a lesson when one is missing.
The sources are society guidelines (ACC/AHA/HRS, ESC), systematic reviews, landmark studies, reviews and StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf). Quotes are short and attributed; open-access articles keep their licences (CC BY, CC BY-NC-ND for StatPearls). Lessons do not use question banks or board-review books.
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Khalid N, Ahmad SA, Thapa N. Aortic Valve Endocarditis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
StatPearls PMID 31335013 Used in 1.1.1
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Varghese A, Makaryus AN. First-Degree Heart Block. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
StatPearls PMID 28846254 Used in 1.1.1
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Feng J, Zhang Y, Fan X. Recovery time of atrioventricular conduction and its influencing factors in patients presenting late with inferior wall acute myocardial infarction and atrioventricular block. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2025;25(1):138.
Article PMID 40021997 doi:10.1186/s12872-025-04589-9 Used in 1.1.3
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Barold SS, Herweg B. Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block: a commonly overdiagnosed and misinterpreted arrhythmia. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1450705.
Review PMID 39267806 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1450705 Used in 1.1.2
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Ahmed I, Goyal A, Chhabra L. Atrioventricular Block. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
StatPearls PMID 29083636 Used in 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3
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Knabben V, Chhabra L, Slane M. Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
StatPearls PMID 31424783 Used in 1.1.3
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Mangi MA, Jones WM, Mansour MK, et al. Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
StatPearls PMID 29493981 Used in 1.1.2
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Radesich C, Del Mestre E, Medo K, et al. Lyme Carditis: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management. Pathogens. 2022;11(5).
Review PMID 35631104 doi:10.3390/pathogens11050582 Used in 1.1.1, 1.1.3
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Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(35):3427-3520.
Guideline PMID 34455430 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364 Used in 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3
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Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2019;140(8):e382-e482.
Guideline PMID 30586772 doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628 Used in 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3
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Nordenswan HK, Lehtonen J, Ekström K, et al. Outcome of Cardiac Sarcoidosis Presenting With High-Grade Atrioventricular Block. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018;11(8):e006145.
Article PMID 30354309 doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.117.006145 Used in 1.1.3
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Cheng S, Keyes MJ, Larson MG, et al. Long-term outcomes in individuals with prolonged PR interval or first-degree atrioventricular block. JAMA. 2009;301(24):2571-7.
Article PMID 19549974 doi:10.1001/jama.2009.888 Used in 1.1.1